Is the US Navy preparing to conquer space? Colonizing space will require a lot of stuff, iron to build space stations, titanium to build spaceships, oxygen for us to breathe, and many other resources. Lifting all this up from the surface of the earth on rockets is simply not feasible. Thus, we will need to find these resources somewhere else. You need look no further than the moon. It has all the natural resources we need to colonize space but the question remains, how do we get them into orbit? Even on the moon, rockets are not feasible, but something else might be.
An idea emerged over a century ago called a Mass Driver. The first Mass Driver described in print was in the 1897 science fiction novel A Trip to Venus by John Munro. He called it an electric gun. It was his imaginative method of launching vehicles into outer space from the Earth's surface. Munro describes the electric gun as a series of coils energized in a timed sequence to provide the force necessary to get the spaceship into orbit.
Many SiFi authors have used these fictional devices in various ways, Arthur C. Clark, Harry Harrison, James P. Hogan and Alastair Reynolds to name a few. By far my favorite SiFi mass driver is in Robert A. Heinlein’s classic novel; The Moon is a Harsh Mistress. His plot has rebelling lunar colonists using a kilometers-long Mass Driver to bombard Earth and gain their freedom.
Putting a Mass Driver on the moon just makes sense. The moon has only 1/6th the gravity of Earth and with no atmosphere to slow things down, a Mass Driver could conceivably deliver iron-clad payloads of ore or processed resources to a lunar orbit quickly, economically and in the quantities we need. Up until now, Mass Drivers have all been just another invention of science fiction, not of science fact, but that is changing very quickly.
Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding is currently working on two of the US Navy’s new Gerald R. Ford-class carriers in a shipyard on the Virginia coastline. Started in 2008, the first of these supercarriers is scheduled to be commissioned in 2015 at the cost of over $13.5 billion.
Built on the basic footprint of the earlier Nimitz-class carriers, that is where the similarity ends. The very heart of any aircraft carrier is obviously its ability to launch planes. Aircraft carriers are floating airports with a crew of thousands. In these new ships, the Navy has abandoned the old steam catapults and gone all electric. The ship is designed around powerful electromagnetic catapults. Why do I care? I care because electromagnetic technology is one of the cornerstones to colonizing space. They are Mass Drivers.
There are many practical reasons why the Navy has developed the new electric catapults. The old steam catapults used about 1,350 psi of steam generated in the ships nuclear reactor to launch an aircraft. Steam catapults were mechanical nightmares consisting of a complicated web of hydraulics and associated high-pressure pumps, motors, and control systems. The result was a large, heavy, maintenance-intensive and dangerous system that operated without any feedback control. It inflicted sudden shocks to the aircraft it was launching which shortened their lifespan.
All that is changing with the new all electric Navy. Taking the place of the steam catapult will be the Electro-Magnetic Aircraft Launch System, EMALS or simply EM catapult. It uses the electromagnetic forces generated from extremely high currents to accelerate the shuttle holding the aircraft. The force thus generated provides a much smoother launch and 30% more energy to cope with today’s heavier planes. The EM catapult also has far lower space and maintenance requirements. Ancillary benefits include the ability to embed diagnostic systems and increasing the ease of maintenance with fewer personnel. Is it just me or does this sound perfect for lunching something off the surface of the moon?
An idea emerged over a century ago called a Mass Driver. The first Mass Driver described in print was in the 1897 science fiction novel A Trip to Venus by John Munro. He called it an electric gun. It was his imaginative method of launching vehicles into outer space from the Earth's surface. Munro describes the electric gun as a series of coils energized in a timed sequence to provide the force necessary to get the spaceship into orbit.
Many SiFi authors have used these fictional devices in various ways, Arthur C. Clark, Harry Harrison, James P. Hogan and Alastair Reynolds to name a few. By far my favorite SiFi mass driver is in Robert A. Heinlein’s classic novel; The Moon is a Harsh Mistress. His plot has rebelling lunar colonists using a kilometers-long Mass Driver to bombard Earth and gain their freedom.
Putting a Mass Driver on the moon just makes sense. The moon has only 1/6th the gravity of Earth and with no atmosphere to slow things down, a Mass Driver could conceivably deliver iron-clad payloads of ore or processed resources to a lunar orbit quickly, economically and in the quantities we need. Up until now, Mass Drivers have all been just another invention of science fiction, not of science fact, but that is changing very quickly.
Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding is currently working on two of the US Navy’s new Gerald R. Ford-class carriers in a shipyard on the Virginia coastline. Started in 2008, the first of these supercarriers is scheduled to be commissioned in 2015 at the cost of over $13.5 billion.
Built on the basic footprint of the earlier Nimitz-class carriers, that is where the similarity ends. The very heart of any aircraft carrier is obviously its ability to launch planes. Aircraft carriers are floating airports with a crew of thousands. In these new ships, the Navy has abandoned the old steam catapults and gone all electric. The ship is designed around powerful electromagnetic catapults. Why do I care? I care because electromagnetic technology is one of the cornerstones to colonizing space. They are Mass Drivers.
There are many practical reasons why the Navy has developed the new electric catapults. The old steam catapults used about 1,350 psi of steam generated in the ships nuclear reactor to launch an aircraft. Steam catapults were mechanical nightmares consisting of a complicated web of hydraulics and associated high-pressure pumps, motors, and control systems. The result was a large, heavy, maintenance-intensive and dangerous system that operated without any feedback control. It inflicted sudden shocks to the aircraft it was launching which shortened their lifespan.
All that is changing with the new all electric Navy. Taking the place of the steam catapult will be the Electro-Magnetic Aircraft Launch System, EMALS or simply EM catapult. It uses the electromagnetic forces generated from extremely high currents to accelerate the shuttle holding the aircraft. The force thus generated provides a much smoother launch and 30% more energy to cope with today’s heavier planes. The EM catapult also has far lower space and maintenance requirements. Ancillary benefits include the ability to embed diagnostic systems and increasing the ease of maintenance with fewer personnel. Is it just me or does this sound perfect for lunching something off the surface of the moon?
Perhaps a better example of a modern Mass Driver is the Navy’s replacement for gunpowder-style cannons, the Railgun. To fire a round, a million amp electrical current is sent through the conducting rails generating an enormous electromagnetic field. The force generated by the electromagnetic field is called the Lorentz Force. It wants to push the rails apart but when that is not possible, it pushes the payload instead. The railgun uses what is known as a sabot to encase the aerodynamic round in metal designed to withstand the tremendous forces and temperatures involved in the process. The sabot falls away after launch but not before accelerating the projectile inside to extreme high-velocity.
The electromagnetic railgun is a major weapons development program that will make explosive-based cannons a thing of the past. For decades, the Navy has been working towards arming warships with battle-ready electromagnetic railguns. This isn’t surprising considering that such a weapon has the potential to intercept missiles with an unparalleled combination of long-range accuracy and extreme velocity. Without much fanfare, in 2012 the Navy took possession of the first two prototype railguns from General Atomics and BAE Systems.
During testing of the General Atomics Blitzer railgun, rounds fired from the gun blasted right through a 1/8-inch thick steel plate located 100 meters downrange at Mach 5 (about 4,000 mph) and continued to travel more than four miles at zero elevation. The BAE Systems railgun did even better. It achieved a muzzle velocity of 5600 mph on a 23 lb payload. The escape velocity of the moon is only 5300 mph. Mission accomplished! Right?
Even at this early stage, the railgun is already capable of launching a 23 pound payload off the surface of the moon. We have our Mass Driver but getting it operational on the moon along with all the support needed to supply it with payloads… well, solving all of those problems must wait for another blogs.
The electromagnetic railgun is a major weapons development program that will make explosive-based cannons a thing of the past. For decades, the Navy has been working towards arming warships with battle-ready electromagnetic railguns. This isn’t surprising considering that such a weapon has the potential to intercept missiles with an unparalleled combination of long-range accuracy and extreme velocity. Without much fanfare, in 2012 the Navy took possession of the first two prototype railguns from General Atomics and BAE Systems.
During testing of the General Atomics Blitzer railgun, rounds fired from the gun blasted right through a 1/8-inch thick steel plate located 100 meters downrange at Mach 5 (about 4,000 mph) and continued to travel more than four miles at zero elevation. The BAE Systems railgun did even better. It achieved a muzzle velocity of 5600 mph on a 23 lb payload. The escape velocity of the moon is only 5300 mph. Mission accomplished! Right?
Even at this early stage, the railgun is already capable of launching a 23 pound payload off the surface of the moon. We have our Mass Driver but getting it operational on the moon along with all the support needed to supply it with payloads… well, solving all of those problems must wait for another blogs.
Charles Lee Lesher (BS, MS) is the author of Out of the Cradle – Why We Need Space More Than Space Needs Us. Abundant cheap electricity is a key element in getting and maintaining high human living standards around the globe. Stated another way, electricity is the foundation of modern technology. Without it, we go back to sailing ships and the horse. Anyone who thinks for a moment that we could feed and clothe our 21st century population using 18th century technology is nuts. Everything in your world depends on electricity either directly or indirectly. The food you eat, the water you drink, the car you drive, are all possible because of electricity. This cannot be overstated. Electricity is civilization. But where will we get it after we burn all the hydrocarbons?
You can find all of Chuck's books at http://www.writerscramp.us/
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